Filed under: pedagogy
The psychologist Melanie Joy, in her book “Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows,” coins the term “carnism” to describe belief systems or ideologies that allow a culture to selectively choose which animals to eat.
I have had a lot of discussions with parents about which risky activities they will and won’t let their children participate in, and the differences are often striking. Just as there is no necessarily rational basis for choosing which animals are eaten, there appears to be no rational basis for deciding what activities are acceptable for children.
In one recent example, I was talking with a school teacher in Casper, Wyoming, and she described a typical weekend where her son and daughter, ten and eleven, would leave the house in the morning, each carrying a rifle and a backpack with food and water, only to return at dusk after having hiked around all day in the open countryside behind their house. Don’t you worry that something will happen to them out there? Well, she said, there’s a lot less trouble to get into out there in the woods than there is at the mall.
In suburban contexts, it is now common to find parents who drive their children to an empty lot where the child can ride their bike safely – forgetting that the drive on the freeway exposes the child to orders of magnitude more danger than peddling around the neighborhood would.
My mother is fond of telling the story of when I had been left in the care of her sister. Evidently my aunt had taken me to the beach with her children, and I had spent most of the time scampering around on the rocks like a monkey. That evening she called my mother. “I can’t bear to watch him running around on those rocks, but I can’t get him to stop – what should I do?” Don’t watch, said my mother.
So, I propose the term “dangerism” to describe how a culture decides what is and isn’t dangerous. The sources of dangerism can be traced to both personal and social sources. Our individual perception of risk is based on a combination of personal experiences and family history. The cultural aspects of dangerism are probably best described by anthropologists, but the popular news media certainly plays a part in creating exaggerated portrayals of risk.
Some aspects of dangerism come from deliberate simplification of what may be a complex set of reasons to exclude a certain behavior. “Don’t eat mussels harvested in months that have an ‘R’ in the name” is one way to try and prevent people from being poisoned by a water-borne micro-organism that typically blooms in winter months, but if you happen to have a roommate that is a marine biologist you will quickly learn that the rule is really more of a guideline and with proper training you can safely enjoy fresh mussels in March to celebrate Vincent Van Gough’s birthday.
At some point, everyone will own a knife. For some it will be when they graduate from college and get their first apartment, and for the Inuit children who grow up eating seal blubber it will be at age three. In a culture that begins teaching knife skills to toddlers, it does not seem shocking to give a knife to a three year-old. Just as it may seem normal to someone to send an eleven year-old out into the woods with a lunch box and a rifle.
But it’s not all about the quantifiable risks either. If we were all insurance specialists and used actuarial tables to decide which activities were acceptable, I’m sure we wouldn’t do any better. Just as every situation is a unique combination of environmental and social factors, so is every person. What is safe for one person is dangerous for another, and what is safe to do in one location is risky elsewhere.
So, what is the right answer? I’m not sure that I have all of it, but there has to be some accounting of the merits of an activity when assessing the value. We can’t let our fears of what could happen prevent us from letting children engage in meaningful activities. We must assess the risks, weigh the benefits, know the child, and know ourselves – then we just have to try to make the best decision we can.
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One of the things I find fascinating about raising children is the differences in children that come from the same gene pools (their mom’s and mine). My own mother is overprotective of my children, having had some harrowing experiences in her own childhood, so she was shocked to learn that I was sending the two kids out to the local corner store, two blocks away, when Sayuri was 8 and Toshi was 6. A big part of it was that I know these kids, and I trust them, not so much to “be careful” but to be who they are. Sayuri is adventurous, wild, and very aware of her surroundings. Toshi’s more introverted, and has always been very cautious and detail-oriented. I knew that Sayuri’s confidence and awareness would get them across the streets and to their desitnation safely, and that Toshi’s caution would prevent them from doing anything too adventurous. I still don’t let them go out “solo”, but they’ve been ranging around the neighborhood together for a couple of years now, lately going down to the big parking lot to learn to ride their ripsticks where there’s a slope in this incredibly flat city. I’m still afraid to let Sayuri, now almost 11, go out by herself, because she’s just too damned beautiful and I’m afraid someone will steal her. I’ve seen the Megan’s Law web site for our city, and there’s bad people out there… but for now, the buddy system works for me.
Comment by tzf 01.22.10 @ 11:19 pmGever, a great piece; I think it gets to the heart of the real cultural relativity of ‘Risk’.
I also like your framing of Risk vs. Benefit assessment, and think it very much echoes the framework playworkers in Adventure Playgrounds (at least in the UK) are encouraged to adopt. I wrote a little about it here: “What Really is Dangerous?”
Comment by Daniel 01.23.10 @ 5:28 amMr. Tulley, I enjoy reading your blog and perspective. I purchased your book because it sounded fun, and your thoughts on http://www.TED.com and your TinkeringSchool website resonate with me. Since the book came right before the New Year I made it my New Year’s resolution to document doing the activities with my family on my my blog. Thanks, we are enjoying learning and growing together.
Comment by Kevin H 01.23.10 @ 6:26 pm“Dangerism” is a great concept and I’d love to think and hear more about it: Why is driving kids not considered dangerous (even though the #1 cause of death for kids is as passengers in car accidents), while walking to school is considered asking for trouble. I’d love to hear more examples of how we have “dangerized” formerly normal childhood activities. Go, Gever! — Lenore Skenazy, Free-Range Kids
Comment by Lenore Skenazy 01.24.10 @ 9:06 amI constantly get into disagreements about danger. I truly feel that we create stupid children when we eliminate every single dangerous activity. Children need to explore and learn their limits. Sometimes saying OW that hurt is the best way to learn. The little bumps and bruises they get while young is nothing compared to the major injuries they will avoid later. For example, when my 3 year old jumps off of the couch he learns how to roll with a fall. Later when he is 14 or 15 he will be less likely to jump off of the garage roof because he has experimented and knows his limits – he hopefully will know that a 12 foot drop is unrealistic. Now it is my job as a parent to ensure he knows to look for a clear area to land (from the couch of course).
Knives and powertools are only risky if used in a stupid way so lets expose our kids to danger in smart ways. Teach them to know and understand it but not to be afraid of it. As parents we sometimes need to just relax. As educators we should relax too, if we could just get rid of those damn insurance specialists. We are hamstrung by the fear of a lawsuit or a reprisal by the insurance industry. The minute we let the insurance industry run everything we are finished – and so are our kids/students.
Comment by Gary Ball 01.26.10 @ 12:39 pmAs much as I hate to be negative, as long as we’re all asking “Why?” — we might consider who profits from teaching parents to be paranoid and fearful. Those parents then go on to teach their children to accept irrational and painful oppression…by inflicting it upon them and allowing other adults to do the same. What entities might profit from that?
If we’re going to ask “Why?”, it’d be nice if we invested some serious thought into the answer.
Comment by michinyuja 04.18.10 @ 6:16 amLeave a comment
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